Property Zoning For Wildlife Habitats And Protected Areas: Regulations For Wildlife Conservation – One morning recently, in the southern Indian state of Karnataka, I was hiking with a Wildlife Conservation Society biologist on a reverse route up and over the high ridge of the Western Ghats. Our route roughly followed the corridor that connects the Bhadra Tiger Reserve with the Kudremakh National Park 30 miles to the south.

In places we passed beautiful shady coffee plantations with an undergrowth of coffee plants and pepper vines – a second cash crop – climbing up the trunks of the shade trees. Coffee plantations managed in this way, interspersed with patches of surviving natural forest, “provide continuous camouflage for predators” – especially for tigers that move at night, my guide explained, and conflict with wildlife is minimal. Elsewhere, however, the corridor narrows to a thread winding past scattered villages, and conservationists play a double game, partly holding hands to help people live with large carnivores on their doorsteps, partly waging legal battles to prevent them from being swallowed up. economic benefits in the wildlife corridor of both. countries. It was a microcosm of how wildlife hangs out these days, not just in India but almost everywhere in the world.

Property Zoning For Wildlife Habitats And Protected Areas: Regulations For Wildlife Conservation

For conservationists in recent years, biodiversity conservation has become much less about providing new protected areas in new habitats and more about making room for wildlife on the fringes of our own urban existence. Conservation now often means adapting human landscapes to do double duty as wildlife habitat—or, more precisely, to continue to function for wildlife even as humans colonize them for their homes, highways, and farms. There is simply no other place for animals to live.

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The ambition to create new protected areas, of course, continues. National parks, wildlife refuges and other protected areas remain essential, especially for species that do not adapt well to human-dominated landscapes. The 168 countries that have signed the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) have agreed, at least on paper, to commit to expanding protected areas to 17 percent of their land area by 2020. But getting there has been difficult. The coverage of national parks and other terrestrial protected areas has remained stagnant for the past few years at around 15 percent globally, far short of the CBD commitments, much less the EO. Wilson’s grand vision of “half the Earth” dedicated to nature.

Meanwhile, however, work to improve the buffers around the parks and to create corridors on land between existing protected areas is flourishing. For example:

250 acres of Gardens by the Bay Park in Singapore. Almost half of Singapore’s territory consists of green areas and nature reserves. Martin/Flickr

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The idea of making human landscapes more wildlife-friendly dates back at least to the anti-lawn movement of the 1970s.

The idea of creating landscapes where people are primarily more considerate of wildlife dates back to at least the 1970s, when the movement against lawns became habitat for backyards. But finding ways – big and small – for wildlife to live among us seems much more urgent in recent years. Perhaps this is partly because in this century

Has become predominantly urban for the first time in history, with huge growth projected in cities and megacities. It may also be the result of a series of recent studies on the implications of this growth. These studies sometimes seem as if the researchers looked up from their data and described the end of the natural world.

Bukit Timah Nature Reserve

Even scientists were shocked in October by a report that insects were dying in Germany. This study, published in the journal PLOS One, found that the population of flying insects in nature reserves across Germany declined over a 27-year period, from 1989 to 2016, by 76 percent overall and by 82 percent on average peak. – summer summer season. Most of the likely causes—including habitat fragmentation, deforestation, monoculture agriculture, and overuse of pesticides—were apparently factors outside the boundaries of these protected areas. “We seem to be making vast tracts of land inhospitable to most forms of life,” says one co-author, “and right now we’re on our way to ecological Armageddon.”

Describe a “biological devastation” in which “up to 50% of the number of animal individuals that shared the Earth with us has already disappeared,” with “likely catastrophic cascading effects on ecosystems” and on economic and social services “essential to sustaining of civilization.” Specifically, global populations of vertebrates—from elephants to amphibians—declined 58 percent from 1970 to 2012, a 2016 report noted, with losses likely to reach 67 percent by 2020 .That’s two-thirds of all vertebrates on Earth gone extinct in their lifetimes ..for a person who hasn’t yet turned 50 years old.

A female mountain lion in the Verdugos Mountains, north of Los Angeles. Also known as cougars, these animals are an increasingly common sight in the mountains surrounding Southern California cities. National Park Service

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In the face of “destruction” and “Armageddon,” the emphasis on striving toward the ends of our lives may seem, yes, marginal. “If the focus is on degraded landscapes — roadsides, power line rights-of-way — you can find examples where those habitats are important to certain species,” said Josh Tewksbury, a conservation biologist at the University of Colorado, Boulder. “But it would be hard to find any evidence that it would make a small difference to the big problem.” This will not solve 95 percent of the problem. “

Then, as a second thought, he added, “That might be the 95 percent answer for people and biodiversity,” because regularly seeing birds in a city park or a fox running across a field could have “big implications for how people think about the value of nature.” And changes in people’s attitudes toward nature can have a dramatic effect on wildlife’s ability to survive in human-dominated landscapes.

For example, the persistence of old cultural attitudes is the main reason wolf recovery has struggled in the United States, despite an abundance of available land. Meanwhile, Europe, one of the most industrialized landscapes on earth, is welcoming the return of wolves even to the outskirts of its largest cities—along with brown bears, lynx, bison and other species. The surprisingly rapid recovery of such species in Europe has led to an appeal, as a recent journal commentary

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He says, for afforestation to become a “fundamental component” of long-term biodiversity conservation on degraded landscapes elsewhere – perhaps even everywhere.

One danger is that these landscapes can become places where surplus individuals from undisturbed habitats can survive but not reproduce.

But being mindful of the potential of our cities and suburbs as wildlife habitat is probably still a good idea. One danger is that these landscapes become “ecological sinks”—that is, places where excess individuals from undisturbed habitats can survive but ultimately fail to reproduce. The presence of straw-headed lookbulls in the middle of Singapore, for example, does not guarantee the survival of the species. Success with some more visible species can also blind us to broader but less obvious declines in other species. Wildlife recovery in Europe, for example, has not been rewilding due to insect populations.

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Finally, we know next to nothing about what ecologist Meredith Holgerson of Portland State University calls “the mysterious changes that occur” when humans occupy and alter the landscape. For her PhD at Yale University, she examined the effects of suburbanization on tree frogs in 18 ponds in the affluent Connecticut suburb of Madison. The area around the lakes is largely developed with two-acre sites allowing for the survival of “pretty good stands of red maple and vernal pools,” said David Skelly, a professor of ecology at the Yale School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, who led the study. .. . But chemical analysis of the ponds showed, among other changes, that the tree frog larvae were getting up to 70 percent of their nutrients from materials that were leached from septic systems. “This suggests,” says Holgerson, “that tadpoles and other lake organisms contain human waste.”

The results of this remain unknown. But it also suggests that we can alter the entire nutrient flow of an ecosystem, cause eutrophication, or introduce hormone-disrupting drugs or other chemicals into our waste—and still imagine that we live in a relatively intact environment. The comparative impact of climate change and grazing on NDVI changes in grasslands in the Mt. Qomolangma and neighboring regions in 2000–2018

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